Medieval India
1. The Khajuraho temples built by ‐Chandela
2. The four mathas in the four corners of India by
Shankaracharya
3. The Somnath temple destroyed by Mahmud Ghaznavi,
was
dedicated to – Lord Siva
4. Ibn Batuta traveler come from ‐ Morocco
5. Which Sultan founded a town where now stands
Agra? ‐
Sikandar
6. The author of “Ain‐ i‐ Akbari” was Abul Fazal
7. Ibadatkhana at Fatehpur Sikri was built by Akbar
8. The Sun temple of Konark was build by Narasimhadeva
(Gang Dynasty)
9. Ibn Batuta as the Chief Qazi of Delhi was
appointed by
Mohammad –
bin ‐ Tughlaq
10. Diwan –I – Musta Kharaji was established by Alauddin
Khaliji
Modern India
The Indian National Congress
(i) Formed in 1885 by A. O. Hume, an Englishman and a
retired
civil servant.
(ii) First
session in Bombay under W. C. Banerjee in
1885
(72 delegates attended it).
(iii) In the
first two decades (1885 1905), quite
moderate
in its approach and confided in British justice
and
generosity.
(Iv) But the
repressive measures of the British gave rise
to
extremists within Congress like Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal
Gangadhar
Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal, Bal, Pal).
Partition of Bengal
(i) By Lord
Curzon on Oct 16, 1905, through a royal
Proclamation,
reducing the old province of Bengal in size
by
creating East Bengal and Assam out of rest of Bengal.
(ii) The
objective was to set up a communal gulf between
Hindus
and Muslims.
(iii) A
mighty upsurge swept the country against the
partition.
National movement found real expression in
the
movement against the partition of Bengal in 1905.
Swadeshi Movement (1905)
(i) Lal,
Bal, Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh played the
important
role.
(ii) INC
took the Swadeshi call first at the Banaras
Session,
1905 presided over by G. K. Gokhale.
(iii) Bonfires
of foreign goods were conducted at various
places.
Formation of Muslim League (1906)
(i) Setup
in 1906 under the leadership of Aga Khan,
Nawab
Salimullah of Dhaka and Nawab Mohsin‐ul‐Mulk.
(ii) It was
a loyalist, communal and conservative political
organization
which supported the partition of Bengal,
opposed
the Swadeshi movement, demanded special
safeguards
to its community and a separate electorate
for
Muslims.
Demand for Swaraj
(i) In Dec
1906 at Calcutta, the INC under Dadabhai
Naoroji
adopted ‘Swaraj’ (Self‐govt) as the goal of Indian
people.
Surat Session of Indian National Congress
(1907):
(ii) The INC
split into two groups The extremists and
The
moderates, at the Surat session in 1907. Extremists
were
led by Bal, Pal, Lal while the moderates by G. K.
Gokhale.
Indian Councils Act or Minto Morley Reforms (1909)
(i) Besides
other constitutional measures, it envisaged a
separate
electorate for Muslims.
(ii) Aimed
at dividing the nationalist ranks and at
rallying
the Moderates and the Muslims to the
Government's
side.
Ghadar Party (1913)
(i) Formed
by Lala Hardayal, Taraknath Das and Sohan
Singh
Bhakna.
(ii) HQ was
at San Francisco.
Home Rule Movement (1916)
(i) Started
by B. G. Tilak (April, 1916) at Poona and
Annie
Besant and S. Subramania Iyer at Adyar, near
Madras
(Sept, 1916).
(ii) Objective:
Self government for India in the British
Empire.
(iii) Tilak
linked up the question of Swaraj with the
demand
for the formation of Linguistic States and
education
in vernacular language. He gave the slogan:
Swaraj
is my birth right and I will have it.
Lucknow Pact (1916)
(i) Happened
following a war between Britain and
Turkey
leading to anti‐British feelings among Muslims.
(ii) Both
INC and Muslim League concluded this
(Congress
accepted the separate electorates and both
jointly
demanded for a representative government and
dominion
status for the country).
August Declaration (1917)
(i) After
the Lucknow Pact, a British policy was
announced
which aimed at increasing association of
Indians
in every branch of the administration for
progressive
realization of responsible government in
India
as an integral part of the British empire. This came
to
be called the August Declaration.
Rowlatt Act (March 18, 1919)
(i) This
gave unbridled powers to the govt. To arrest and
imprison
suspects without trial for two years maximum.
This
law enabled the Government to suspend the right of
Habeas
Corpus, which had been the foundation of civil
liberties
in Britain.
(ii) Caused
a wave of anger in all sections. It was the first
country‐wide
agitation by Gandhiji and marked the
foundation
of the Non Cooperation Movement.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919)
(i) People
were agitated over the arrest of Dr. Kitchlu
and
Dr. Satyapal on April 10, 1919.
(ii) General
O'Dyer fires at people who assembled in the
Jallianwala
Bagh, Amritsar.
(iii) As a
result hundreds of men, women and children
were
killed and thousands injured.
(iv) Rabindranath
Tagore returned his Knighthood in
protest.
Sir Shankaran Nair resigned from Viceroy's
Executive
Council after this. Hunter Commission was
appointed
to enquire into it.
(v) On
March 13, 1940, Sardar Udham Singh killed
O'Dyer
when the later was addressing a meeting in
Caxton
Hall, London.
Khilafat Movement (1920)
(i) Muslims
were agitated by
the
treatment done with
Turkey
by the British in the treaty that followed the First
World
War.
(ii) Two
brothers, Mohd. Ali and Shaukat Ali started this
movement.
Non‐cooperation Movement (1920)
(i ) It was the first mass‐based political movement under
(i ) It was the first mass‐based political movement under
Gandhiji.
(ii)
Congress passed the resolution in its Calcutta session
in
Sept 1920.
Chauri Chaura Incident (1922)
(i)A mob
of people at Chauri Chaura (near Gorakhpur)
clashed
with police and burnt 22 policemen on February
5,
1922.
(ii) This
compelled Gandhiji to withdraw the Non
Cooperation
movement on Feb. 12, 1922.
Simon Commission (1927)
(i)Constituted
under John Simon, to review the political
situation
in India and to introduce further reforms and
extension
of parliamentary democracy. Indian leaders
opposed
the commission, as there were no Indians in it.
(ii)The
Government used brutal repression and police
attacks
to break the popular opposition. At Lahore, Lala
Lajpat
Rai was severely beaten in a lathi‐charge. He
succumbed
to his injuries on Oct. 30, 1928.
Lahore Session (1929)
(i)On Dec.
19, 1929 under the President ship of J. L.
Nehru,
the INC, at its Lahore Session, declared Poorna
Swaraj
(Complete independence) as its ultimate goal.
(ii)On Dec.
31, 1929, the newly adopted tri‐colour flag
was
unfurled and an. 26, 1930 was fixed as the First
Independence
Day, was to be celebrated every year.
Revolutionary Activities
(i)The
first political murder of a European was
committed
in 1897 at Poona by the Chapekar brothers,
Damodar
and Balkishan. Their target was Mr. Rand,
President
of the Plague Commission, but Lt. Ayerst was
accidentally
shot.
(ii)In
1907, Madam Bhikaiji Cama, a Parsi revolutionary
unfurled
the flag of India at Stuttgart Congress (of
Second
international).
(iii)In
1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla chaki threw a
bomb
on the carriage of kingford, the unpopular judge of
Muzaffapur.
Khudiram, Kanhaiyalal Dutt and
Satyendranath
Bose were hanged (Alipur Case).
(iv)In
1909, M L Dhingra shot dead Col. William Curzon
Whyllie, the
political advisor of India Office in London.
(v)In 1912, Rasbihari Bose and Sachindra Nath Sanyal
threw a bomb
and Lord Hardinge at Delhi (Delhi
Conspiracy
Case).
(vi)In Oct, 1924, a meeting of revolutionaries from
all
parts of
India was called at Kanpur. They setup
Hindustan
Socialist Republic Association/Army (HSRA).
(vii)They carried out a dacoity on the Kakori bound
train
on the
Saharanpur‐Lucknow railway line on Aug. 9,
1925.
(viii)Bhagat Singh, with his colleagues, shot dead
Saunders
(Asst. S. P. Of Lahore, who ordered lathi charge
on Lala
Lajpat Rai) on Dec. 17, 1928. Then Bhagat Singh
and
Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central
Assembly on
Apr 8, 1929. Thus, he, Rajguru and Sukhdev
were hanged
on March. 23, 1931 at Lahore Jall (Lahore
Conspiracy
Case) and their bodies cremated at
Hussainiwala
near Ferozepur. In 1931, Chandrashekhar
Azad shot
himself at Alfred Park in Allahabad.
Dandi March (1930)
(i)Also called the Salt Satyagraha.
(ii)Along with 78 followers, Gandhiji started his
march
from
Sabarmati Ashram on March 12, 1930 for the small
village
Dandhi to break the salt law.
(iii)He reached the seashore on Apr. 6, 1930.
(iv) He picked a handful of salt and inaugurated the
Civil
Disobedience
Movement.
First Round Table conference (1930)
(i)It was the first conference arranged between the
British and
Indians as equals. It was held on Nov. 12,
1930 in
London to discuss Simon commission.
(ii)Boycotted by INC, Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha,
Liberals and
some others were there.
Gandhi Irwin Pact (1931)
(i)Moderate Statesman, Sapru, Jaikar and Srinivas
Shastri
initiated efforts to break the ice between Gandhiji
and the
government.
(ii)The two (government represented by Irwin and INC
by Gandhiji)
signed a pact on March 5, 1931.
(iii)In this the INC called off the civil disobedience
movement and
agreed to join the second round table
conference.
(iv)The government on its part released the political
prisoners
and conceded the right to make salt for
consumption
for villages along the coast.
Second Round Table Conference (1931)
(i)Gandhiji represented the INC and went to London
to
meet British
P. M. Ramsay Macdonald.
(ii)However, the session was soon deadlocked on the
minorities
issue and this time separate electorates was
demanded not
only by Muslims but also by Depressed
Classes,
Indian Christians and Anglo Indians.
The Communal Award (Aug 16, 1932)
(i)Announced by Ramsay McDonald. It showed divide
and rule
policy of the British.
(ii)Envisaged representation of Muslims, Sikhs,
Indian
Christians,
Anglo Indians, women and even Backward
classes.
(iii)Gandhiji, who was in Yeravada jail at that time,
started a
fast unto death against it.
Poona Pact (September 25, 1932)
(i)After the announcement of communal award and
subsequent
fast of Gandhiji, mass meeting took place
almost
everywhere.
(ii)Political leaders like Madan Mohan Malviya, B. R.
Ambedkar and
M. C. Rajah became active.
(iii)Eventually Poona pact was reached and Gandhiji
broke his
fact on the sixth day (Sept 25, 1932).
(iv)In this, the idea of separate electorate for the
depressed
classes was abandoned, but seats reserved to
them in the
provincial legislature were increased.
Third Round Table Conference (1932)
(i) Proved
fruitless as most of the national leaders were
in prison.
The discussions led to the passing of the
Government
of India Act, 1935.
Demand For Pakistan
(i)In 1930, Iqbal suggested that the Frontier
Province,
Baluchistan,
Sindh and Kashmir be made the Muslim
State within
the federation.
(ii)Chaudhary Rehmat Ali gave the term Pakistan in
1923.
(iii)Mohd. Ali Jinnah of Bombay gave it practicality.
(iv)Muslim League first passed the proposal of
separate
Pakistan in its Lahore session
in 1940.
The Cripps Mission – 1942:
• In Dec.
1941, Japan entered the World War – II and
advanced
towards Indian borders. By March 7, 1942,
Rangoon fell
and Japan occupied the entire S E Asia.
• The
British govt. with a view to getting co‐operation
from Indians
sent Sir Stafford Cripps, leader of the House
of Commons
to settle terms with the Indian leaders.
• He offered
a draft which proposed dominion status to
be granted
after the war.
• Rejected
by the Congress as it didn’t want to rely upon
future
promises.
• Gandhiji
termed it as a post dated cheque in a crashing
bank.
The Revolt of 1942 & The Quit India Movement:
• Called the
Vardha Proposal and Leaderless Revolt.
• The
resolution was passed on Aug.8, 1942, at Bombay.
Gandhiji
gave the slogan ‘Do or Die’.
• On Aug 9,
the Congress was banned and its important
leaders were
arrested.
• The
arrests provoked indignation among the masses
and, there
being no program of action, the movement
became
spontaneous and violent. Violence spread
throughout
the country.
• The
movement was however crushed.
The Indian National Army:
Founded by
Rasbehari Bose with Captain Mohan Singh.
• S.C.Bose
secretly escaped from India in Jain 1941, and
reached
Berlin. In July 1943, he joined the INA at
Singapore.
There, Rasbehari Bose handed over the
leadership
to him.
• Two INA
head quarters were Rangoon and Singapore
(formed in
Singapore).
• INA had
three fighting brigades named after Gandhiji,
Azad and
Nehru. Rani Jhansi Brigade was an exclusive
women force.
The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946):
• The
struggle for freedom entered a decisive phase in
the year
1945‐46. The new Labour Party PM.Lord Attlee,
made a
declaration on March 15, 1946, that British
Cabinet
Mission (comprising of Lord Pethick Lawrence
as Chairman,
Sir Stafford Cripps and A.V.Alexander) will
visit India.
• The
mission held talks with the INC and ML to bring
about
acceptance of their proposals.
• On May 16,
1946, the mission put towards its
proposals.
It rejected the demand for separate Pakistan
and instead
a federal union consisting of British India
and the
Princely States was suggested.
• Both
Congress and Muslims League accepted it.
Formation of Interim Government (Sept 2, 1946):
• Based on
Cabinet Mission Plan, an interim government
consisting
of Congress nominees was formed on Sept.2,
1946.
J.L.Nehru was its Vice‐President and the Governor‐
General
remained as its President.
Jinnah’s Direct Action Resolution (Aug 16, 1946):
• Jinnah was
alarmed at the results of the elections
because the
Muslim League was in danger of being
totally
eclipsed in the constituent assembly.
• Therefore,
Muslim League withdrew its acceptance of
the Cabinet
Mission Plan on July 29, 1946.
• It passed
a ‘Direct action’ resolution, which condemned
both the
British Government and the Congress (Aug 16,
1946). It
resulted in heavy communal riots.
• Jinnah
celebrated Pakistan Day on Mar 27, 1947.
Formation of Constituent Assembly (Dec 9, 1946):
• The
Constituent assembly met on Dec 9, 1946 and
Dr.Rajendra
Prasad was elected as its president.
Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947):
• On June 3,
1947, Lord Mountbatten put forward his
plan which
outlined the steps for the solution of India’s
political
problem. The outlines of the Plan were:
• India to
be divided into India and Pakistan.
• Bengal and
Punjab will be partitioned and a
referendum
in NEFP and Sylhet district of Assam would
be held.
• There
would be a separate constitutional assembly for
Pakistan to
frame its constitution.
• The
Princely states would enjoy the liberty to join
either India
or Pakistan or even remain independent.
• Aug.15,
1947 was the date fixed for handing over
power to
India and Pakistan.
• The
British govt. passed the Indian Independence Act of
1947 in July
1947, which contained the major provisions
put forward
by the Mountbatten plan.
Partition and Independence (Aug 1947):
• All
political parties accepted the Mountbatten plan.
• At the
time of independence, there were 562 small and
big Princely
States in India.
• Sardar
Vallabh Bhai Patel, the first home minister, used
iron hand in
this regard. By August 15, 1947, all the
States, with
a few exceptions like Kashmir, Hyderabad
and Junagarh
had signed the Instrument of Accession.
Goa was with
the Portuguese and Pondicherry with the
French.
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